In humans, the liver locates in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, and is the largest internal organ in the body. The vital functions of the liver include metabolic process, absorption of nutrients (i.e. vitamins and minerals), detoxification and neutralizing toxins (i.e. drugs and alcohol). Liver diseases and liver cancer probably occur when the damage to the liver is advanced. Some of the well-known functions include the following:

1. Production of protein and clotting factors
2. Detoxification
3. A storage site for vitamins and minerals
4. Bile production and fat metabolism
5. Energy storage

 

Causes

Liver cancer was the third leading cause of cancer deaths in Hong Kong. Liver cancer results from abnormal growth of liver cells. The most common liver cancer is Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) which is one of the most common cancers locally. There were 1800 new cases of liver cancer each year in Hong Kong, and a total of 1600 people died from this cancer. The male to female ratio was about 3 to 1.

 

Early stage liver cancer can be asymptomatic. Common signs and symptoms of liver cancer include jaundice, dark urine, pale stool, unexplainable weight loss, abdominal pain and swelling, fever, and fatigue.

 

 

 

Risk factors

The major risk factors for liver cancer include:

1. Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV)
2. Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV)
3. Cirrhosis and hepatic steatosis
4. Cigarette smoking and alcoholic consumption
5. Ingestion of foods contaminated with aflatoxin (a toxin found in some food, such as mouldy peanuts, cereals and maize)
6. Obesity, overeating, mental stress, lack of exercise can lead to a reduction in immune response to infections
7. Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia and high cholesterol
8. Environmental factors including the pollution of air, water and food; Some hazardous substances (i.e. PVC that is commonly used in the manufacture of plastic products) which can enter the body through the respiratory system, taking contaminated foods or direct contact.
9. Elderly population
10. Family history

 

 

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of liver cancer often do not show up until the later stages of the disease. Earlier cancer diagnosis is crucial to improve survival rates and the treatment. The use of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and ethanol injection can treat primary liver cancer. Concerning larger liver tumours, surgical removal is usually recommended. Citizens who are at higher risk for liver cancer should have regular medical check-ups to be sure of the liver conditions.

 

There are some simple ways to lower the risk for developing liver cancer.

 

1. Hepatitis B Vaccination
2. Never share needles or personal items with others
3. Correct use of condom can protect against sexually transmitted infections
4. A healthy and balanced diet: Citizens should have more high-fibre foods, but avoid the consumption of red meat, processed meat, preserved food or smoked food, high-fat foods, and diets which are high in sodium or sugar.
5. Stop drinking alcohol

 

*The above information is for reference only, please consult your doctor for detail.